18^th International Conference on Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Technologies October 30-31, 2017 Chicago, USA

Biomarkers or biological markers are a measurable indicator of some biological condition. The term is also used to refer to a substance that indicates the presence of a living organism. Biomarkers show the extent to which the vaccine is active and they characterize the nature of response of the vaccine. The biomarkers are important to measure the potency and safety of vaccine adjuvants.

Vaccines that protect people against viral diseases like HIV/AIDS, cervical cancer and other infectious diseases like hepatitis are the novel vaccines. This is a delicate balancing act: If the response of the immune system to the vaccine is too strong, toxic effects may kill the patient but if it is not strong enough, the virus may spread faster than the immune system can kill it. The quality of vaccine can be improved by incorporating immunomodulators or adjuvants with modified delivery vehicles. Adjuvant may also be included in vaccine to regulate the type of immune response generated. This can be important when developing vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cancer, or mucosal immune system.

The major aims of veterinary vaccines are to improve the health and welfare of animals, increase production of farm animals in an economic manner, and prevent transmissions of infectious diseases from both domestic animals and wildlife to the humans. The developments of veterinary vaccines are proceeding through genetically engineered organisms, vectored antigen formulations, and naked DNA injections. These veterinary vaccines have a major impact not only on animal health but also on human health through preventing animal-to-human transmission of infectious diseases. The constant interaction between human and animals researchers will be of major importance for finding new technologies. There are so many severe diseases that are spread from the domestic and wild animals to the human, so it is important to be concerned about the immunization processes of animals.

The discovery of vaccines has provided safety against several important diseases and has had a great impact on health for a relatively low cost. The introduction of genetic engineering has influenced rapid advances in vaccine technology. Functional genomics has become a powerful tool for all vaccine researchers. The necessity of effective and safer vaccines influences a large number of experiments in all vaccine development stages. The increasing number and type of vaccine will undoubtedly create new challenges to the market.

Developing a vaccine against several diseases remains a challenge. Vaccine Research & Development is very complex and costly because a vaccine is a biological product that is made from the living microorganisms. Therefore, its development cycle is quite different from the other pharmaceutical products. There are so many microbes that can cause disease, and the goal for a vaccine is to protect against all of them. There is limited understanding of how severe disease occurs and how the microbes interacts with the immune system. Several vaccine candidates are in clinical stages of development. The pre-clinical development stage is the first step to identify a vaccine candidate that determines a vaccine’s ultimate safety profile. Phase I trials is the stage where the researchers test the candidate vaccine for the first time in humans to evaluate its safety, safe dosage range, and vaccine-related side effects. Phase II trials is the stage where the candidate vaccine is administered to a larger group of people for the evaluation of its immunogenicity and safety. The goal of phase III is to conduct a large-scale safety and efficacy study on a relevant patient population. It is really very complex to market a new vaccine and once it has been marketed, pharmacovigilance activities take place in order to conduct a strict safety supervision of that vaccine.

The study of inheritance of human beings is known as Human Genetics. Human genetics includes a variety of fields, such as: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics, and genetic counselling. Study of human genetics may be useful to understand the diseases and find the effective disease treatment, the effect way to vaccine development and understand the genetics of human life.

The therapeutic vaccines that fight against the chronic infectious diseases aim to obtain a strong immune response. The development of these vaccines will help to find a new way to gain protection against severe diseases. The New Vaccine techniques have opened up new opportunities to vaccine development. There are a number of scientific challenges to solve the problems in the development of new vaccines.